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| 493 BC |
| | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 481 BC |
| | Xerxes I, renewing the campaign of his father Darius against the Greeks, leads a large army round the Aegean and through Thrace | |
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| 478 BC |
| | The Delian League is formed for mutual defence, but also to liberate the Greek cities of Ionia from Persian rule | |
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| c. 460 BC |
| | Herodotus, the 'father of history', writes his account of the Greco-Persian Wars from a vantage point in Asia Minor | |
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| 448 BC |
| | In the Peace of Kallias the Persians acknowledge the independence of Greek Ionia, and agree not to bring their fleet into the Aegean | |
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| 414 BC |
| | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| c. 310 BC |
| | Pytheas, a Greek explorer, sails up the west coast of Britain and finds beyond it a more northerly land which he calls Thule | |
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| 299 BC |
| | Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe | |
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| 53 BC |
| | The death of Crassus at Carrhae brings to an end the first triumvirate | |
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